Njira yabwino komanso yotetezeka yoyeretsera mpweya m'chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito imatsimikizira malo osabala a chipinda chogwirira ntchito, ndipo imatha kukumana ndi malo osabala omwe amafunikira kuti alowetse chiwalo, mtima, mitsempha ya magazi, m'malo opangira mgwirizano ndi ntchito zina.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda okwera kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru, ndi njira zamphamvu zowonetsetsa kuti zipinda zonse zogwirira ntchito sizikhala zolimba.Malinga ndi kukambirana kosalekeza ndikuganiziranso mobwerezabwereza, "General Hospital Architectural Design Code", zomwe zimaperekedwa pazipinda zogwirira ntchito zonse zimatsimikiziridwa kuti: "Zipinda zogwirira ntchito zonse ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina oziziritsa mpweya okhala ndi zosefera zotsika kwambiri kuposa zosefera zogwira mtima kwambiri kapena mpweya wabwino.Mpweya wabwino.Pitirizani kupanikizika kwabwino m'chipindamo, ndipo chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa mpweya sichiyenera kukhala osachepera 6 nthawi / h".Pazigawo zina zomwe sizikukhudzidwa, monga kutentha ndi chinyezi, chonde onani chipinda cha IV choyera.
Gulu la zipinda zogwirira ntchito
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa sterility kapena sterility ya opareshoni, chipinda chopangira opaleshoni chingathe kugawidwa m'magulu asanu awa:
(1) Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni cha Class I: ndiko kuti, chipinda chochitira opaleshoni choyeretsera, chomwe chimavomereza makamaka maopaleshoni monga ubongo, mtima, ndi kuyika ziwalo.
(2) Chipinda cha opareshoni cha Class II: chipinda chopangira opaleshoni, chomwe chimalola makamaka maopaleshoni aaseptic monga splenectomy, kutsitsa kotseguka kwa ma fractures otsekedwa, opaleshoni ya intraocular, ndi chithokomiro.
(3) Class III opaleshoni chipinda: ndiko, chipinda opaleshoni ndi mabakiteriya, amene amavomereza opaleshoni pamimba, ndulu, chiwindi, appendix, impso, mapapo ndi mbali zina.
(4) Class IV opaleshoni chipinda: matenda opaleshoni chipinda, amene makamaka amavomereza ntchito monga appendix perforation perforation peritonitis opaleshoni, TB abscess, abscess incision ndi ngalande, etc.
(5) Chipinda cha opareshoni cha Class V: ndiko kuti, chipinda chapadera chopangira matenda, chomwe chimavomereza maopaleshoni a matenda monga Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus gas gangrene, ndi Bacillus tetanus.
Malinga ndi zapaderazi zosiyanasiyana, zipinda opaleshoni akhoza kugawidwa mu opaleshoni ambiri, mafupa, obstetrics ndi gynecology, opaleshoni ubongo, opaleshoni ya mtima, urology, amayaka, ENT ndi zipinda zina opaleshoni.Popeza kuti ntchito zamaluso osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimafunikira zida ndi zida zapadera, zipinda zogwirira ntchito zapadera ziyenera kukhazikika.
Chipinda chathunthu chogwirira ntchito chimakhala ndi magawo awa:
① Chipinda chodutsamo chaukhondo: kuphatikiza chipinda chosinthira nsapato, chipinda chovala, chipinda chosambira, chipinda chosambiramo mpweya, ndi zina zambiri;
②Chipinda cha opareshoni: kuphatikiza chipinda cha opareshoni, chipinda chogwirira ntchito chosabala, chipinda chopangira laminar, ndi zina zambiri;
③ Chipinda chothandizira opaleshoni: kuphatikiza chimbudzi, chipinda cha anesthesia, chipinda chotsitsimutsa, chipinda chochotseramo, chipinda cha pulasitala, ndi zina zotero;
④ Chipinda chopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: kuphatikiza chipinda chophera tizilombo, chipinda chogulitsira, chipinda cha zida, chipinda chobvala, ndi zina zambiri;
⑤ Chipinda chodziwira matenda a labotale: kuphatikiza X-ray, endoscopy, matenda, ultrasound ndi zipinda zina zoyendera;
⑥Chipinda chophunzitsira: kuphatikiza tebulo lowonera ntchito, kalasi yowonera kanema wawayilesi yotsekedwa, ndi zina zotero;
Gawo lachigawo
Chipinda chopangira opaleshoni chiyenera kugawidwa mokhazikika m'malo oletsedwa (chipinda chopangira opaleshoni), malo otchinga pang'ono (chipinda chopangira opaleshoni) ndi malo osaletsedwa.Pali mapangidwe awiri olekanitsa madera atatu: imodzi ndiyo kukhazikitsa malo oletsedwa ndi malo oletsedwa m'magawo awiri pazigawo zosiyana.Kapangidwe kameneka kamatha kuchita kudzipatula kwaukhondo, koma kumafunikira magawo awiri azinthu, kumawonjezera antchito, ndipo ndikosavuta kuyendetsa;awiri Kuti akhazikitse malo oletsedwa ndi malo osaletsedwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana apansi omwewo, pakati amasinthidwa kuchokera kumalo oletsedwa, ndipo zida zimagawidwa, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kupanga ndi kuyang'anira.
Malo oletsedwa amaphatikizapo zipinda zopangira opaleshoni, zimbudzi, zipinda zopanda kanthu, zipinda zosungiramo mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zotero. Malo oletsedwa pang'onopang'ono akuphatikizapo zipinda zopangira opaleshoni kapena zipinda zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka, zipinda zokonzera zovala, zipinda zokonzekera opaleshoni, ndi zipinda zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.M’dera losaletsedwa, muli zipinda zovekera, zipinda za pulasitala, zipinda za zitsanzo, zipinda zochitiramo zimbudzi, zipinda zochitira opaleshoni ndi zochiritsira, maofesi a anamwino, zipinda zachipatala, malo odyera, ndi zipinda zopumira za achibale a odwala opaleshoni.Chipinda chogwirira ntchito ndi ofesi ya namwino ziyenera kukhala pafupi ndi khomo.
Kupanga kwa malo opangira opaleshoni
Chipinda chopangira opaleshoni chiyenera kukhala pamalo opanda phokoso, aukhondo komanso osavuta kuti athe kulankhulana ndi madipatimenti oyenera.Zipatala zokhala ndi nyumba zocheperako monga nyumba yayikulu ziyenera kusankha mbali zake, ndi zipatala zokhala ndi nyumba zapamwamba monga gulu lalikulu liyenera kusankha malo apakati a nyumba yayikulu.Mfundo ya malo kasinthidwe chipinda opareshoni ndi madipatimenti ena ndi madipatimenti ndi kuti pafupi ndi dipatimenti opaleshoni, banki magazi, kulingalira dipatimenti matenda, zasayansi dipatimenti matenda, matenda dipatimenti matenda, etc., amene ndi yabwino kukhudzana ntchito, ndi ziyenera kukhala kutali ndi zipinda zowotchera, zipinda zokonzera, malo osungira zimbudzi, etc. , kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa phokoso.Chipinda chopangira opaleshoni chiyenera kupewa kuwala kwa dzuwa momwe kungathekere, kumakhala kosavuta kuyang'ana kumpoto, kapena kutsekedwa ndi magalasi achikuda kuti aziwunikira.Kuyang'ana kwa chipinda chopangira opaleshoni kuyenera kupeweratu mpweya wolowera kuti muchepetse kuchulukira kwa fumbi m'nyumba ndi kuipitsa mpweya.Nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa m'njira yapakati, kupanga malo odziyimira pawokha azachipatala, kuphatikiza gawo la opaleshoni ndi gawo loperekera.
Kamangidwe
Maonekedwe onse a dipatimenti ya chipinda chogwirira ntchito ndi omveka bwino.Kulowa m'chipinda chopangira opaleshoni kumagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri, monga njira zopangira opaleshoni, kuphatikizapo mayendedwe ogwira ntchito zachipatala, mayendedwe a odwala, ndi njira zoperekera zinthu zoyera;mayendedwe osayera otaya:
Zakhudzana mayendedwe zida ndi mavalidwe pambuyo opaleshoni.Palinso njira yobiriwira yodzipatulira yopulumutsira odwala, kuti odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri alandire chithandizo chanthawi yake.Itha kupangitsa kuti ntchito ya dipatimenti yogwira ntchitoyo ikwaniritse bwino kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kudzipatula, kuyeretsa komanso kupewa, komanso kupewa kupatsirana kwambiri.
Chipinda chochitira opaleshoni chimagawidwa m'zipinda zambiri zochitira opaleshoni.Malinga ndi milingo yosiyana ya kuyeretsedwa, pali zipinda zochitira opaleshoni zazitali mazana awiri, zipinda zochitira opaleshoni zikwi ziwiri, ndi zipinda zinayi zochitira opaleshoni zikwi khumi.Magawo osiyanasiyana a zipinda zogwirira ntchito ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana: zipinda zopangira 100 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polowa m'malo, opaleshoni ya mitsempha, opaleshoni ya mtima;Chipinda cha opareshoni cha Class 1000 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu la maopaleshoni am'mafupa, opaleshoni yayikulu, ndi opaleshoni yapulasitiki;Kalasi ya 10,000 yopangira opaleshoni imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa opaleshoni ya thoracic, ENT, urology ndi opaleshoni yaikulu Kuwonjezera pa ntchito ya kalasi ya mabala;chipinda chopangira opaleshoni chokhala ndi kusintha kwamphamvu komanso koyipa chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zapadera za matenda.Kuyeretsa mpweya woziziritsa mpweya kumagwira ntchito yosasinthika popewa matenda ndikuwonetsetsa kuti opaleshoni yachitika bwino, ndipo ndiukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri m'chipinda chopangira opaleshoni.Zipinda zogwirira ntchito zapamwamba zimafuna mpweya wabwino kwambiri waukhondo, ndipo zoziziritsa mpweya zoyera zimatha kutsimikizira kuti zipinda zochitira opaleshoni zimakhala zapamwamba.
Kuyeretsa mpweya
Kuthamanga kwa mpweya wa chipinda chogwirira ntchito kumasiyana malinga ndi zofunikira zaukhondo za madera osiyanasiyana (monga chipinda chopangira opaleshoni, chipinda chokonzekera chosabala, chipinda chotsuka, chipinda cha anesthesia ndi malo oyera ozungulira, etc.).Magawo osiyanasiyana a zipinda zogwirira ntchito za laminar ali ndi miyezo yosiyana ya ukhondo wa mpweya.Mwachitsanzo, US Federal Standard 1000 ndi chiwerengero cha fumbi ≥ 0.5 μm pa kiyubiki phazi la mpweya, ≤ 1000 particles kapena ≤ 35 particles pa lita imodzi ya mpweya.Muyezo wa 10000-level laminar flowing room ndi chiwerengero cha fumbi ≥0.5μm pa kiyubiki phazi la mpweya, ≤10000 particles kapena ≤350 particles pa lita imodzi ya mpweya.Ndi zina zotero.Cholinga chachikulu cha mpweya wabwino wa chipinda chogwirira ntchito ndikuchotsa mpweya wotuluka m'chipinda chilichonse chogwirira ntchito;kuonetsetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino mu chipinda chilichonse chogwirira ntchito;kuchotsa fumbi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono;kusunga zofunika zabwino kukakamiza mu chipinda.Pali mitundu iwiri ya mpweya wabwino wamakina womwe ungakwaniritse zofunikira zapachipinda chogwirira ntchito.Kuphatikizika kwa mpweya wamakina ndi kutulutsa kwamakina: Njira yopumirayi imatha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kuthamanga kwamkati, ndipo mpweya wabwino umakhala wabwinoko.Mpweya wamakina ndi mpweya wotulutsa zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi.Nthawi ya mpweya ndi mpweya wa njira iyi ya mpweya imakhala yochepa pamlingo wina, ndipo mpweya wabwino suli wabwino ngati wakale.Mulingo waukhondo wa chipinda chogwirira ntchito umasiyanitsidwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mlengalenga komanso kuchuluka kwa tinthu tachilengedwe.Pakadali pano, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mulingo wamagulu a NASA.Ukadaulo woyeretsera umakwaniritsa cholinga cha sterility powongolera ukhondo wa mpweya kudzera mu kuyeretsa kwamphamvu.
Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoperekera mpweya, ukadaulo woyeretsa ukhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: chipwirikiti otaya dongosolo ndi laminar otaya dongosolo.(1) Dongosolo la chipwirikiti (Multi-Directional Manner): Doko loperekera mpweya ndi fyuluta yothamanga kwambiri ya chipwirikiti yothamanga ili padenga, ndipo doko lobwerera mpweya lili mbali zonse ziwiri kapena kumunsi kwa khoma la mbali imodzi. .Zosefera ndi chithandizo cha mpweya ndizosavuta, ndipo kukulitsa ndikosavuta., Mtengo wake ndi wotsika, koma kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mpweya kumakhala kochepa, nthawi zambiri 10 mpaka 50 nthawi / h, ndipo n'zosavuta kupanga mafunde a eddy, ndipo particles zoipitsa zikhoza kuyimitsidwa ndikufalitsidwa m'dera lamakono la eddy, kupanga kuyipitsa mpweya komanso kuchepetsa digiri ya kuyeretsa m'nyumba.Imagwira ntchito pazipinda zoyera 10,000-1,000,000 zokha mumiyezo ya NASA.(2) Laminal flow system: Laminar flow flow system imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wogawa yunifolomu komanso kuthamanga koyenera kutulutsa tinthu tating'ono ndi fumbi kuchokera mchipinda chogwirira ntchito kudzera munjira yobwerera, popanda kupanga eddy pano, kotero palibe fumbi loyandama, digiri ya kuyeretsedwa imasintha ndi kusintha.Itha kusinthidwa ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya mpweya ndipo ndiyoyenera zipinda zogwirira ntchito za 100 mumiyezo ya NASA.Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa chisindikizo cha fyuluta ndi kwakukulu, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri.
Zida zogwirira ntchito
Makoma a zipinda zogwirira ntchito amapangidwa ndi zinthu zosamveka bwino, zolimba, zosalala, zopanda kanthu, zosapsa, zosagwira chinyezi, komanso zosavuta kuyeretsa.Mitundu imakhala yobiriwira komanso yobiriwira.Makonawa amazunguliridwa kuti fumbi lisachulukane.Nyali zowonera mafilimu, makabati amankhwala, zotonthoza, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kuikidwa pakhoma.Khomo liyenera kukhala lalikulu komanso lopanda malire, lomwe ndi losavuta kuti magalimoto athyathyathya alowe ndikutuluka.Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito zitseko za masika zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kugwedezeka kuti fumbi ndi mabakiteriya asawuluke chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mpweya.Mawindo ayenera kukhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, makamaka mafelemu a mazenera a aluminiyamu, omwe amathandiza kuti asawonongeke fumbi komanso kutentha.Galasi lawindo liyenera kukhala lofiirira.M'lifupi mwa khonde sayenera kuchepera 2.5m, zomwe ndi zabwino kuti galimoto yathyathyathya kuthamanga ndikupewa kugundana pakati pa anthu odutsa.Pansi payenera kumangidwa ndi zipangizo zolimba, zosalala komanso zosavuta kupukuta.Pansi pamakhala pang'ono pangodya, ndipo kukhetsa kwapansi kumayikidwa kumunsi kuti athandize kutulutsa zimbudzi, ndipo mabowo amatsekedwa kuti mpweya woipitsidwa usalowe m'chipindamo kapena kutsekedwa ndi zinthu zakunja.
Magetsi azipinda zogwirira ntchito akuyenera kukhala ndi magawo awiri amagetsi kuti awonetsetse kuti akugwira ntchito bwino.Payenera kukhala sockets zokwanira magetsi m'chipinda chilichonse opaleshoni kuti atsogolere kuperekedwa kwa magetsi a zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo.Soketiyo iyenera kukhala ndi chipangizo chotsutsa-spark, ndipo pansi pa chipinda chopangira opaleshoni pakhale zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha kuphulika.Soketi yamagetsi iyenera kusindikizidwa ndi chivundikiro kuti madzi asalowe, kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa dera komwe kumakhudza ntchitoyo.Chingwe chachikulu chamagetsi chimakhala pakhoma, ndipo zida zapakati zoyamwa ndi mapaipi a oxygen ziyenera kukhala pakhoma.Zowunikira Zowunikira zonse ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pakhoma kapena padenga.Magetsi opangira opaleshoni ayenera kuikidwa ndi magetsi opanda mthunzi, ndi nyali zonyamula zotsalira.Magwero a madzi ndi njira zopewera moto: ma tapi akuyenera kuyikidwa pa msonkhano uliwonse kuti aziwotchera.Zozimitsa moto ziyenera kuikidwa m'makonde ndi zipinda zothandizira kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo.Madzi otentha ndi ozizira ndi nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri ayenera kutsimikiziridwa mokwanira.Chida cholowera mpweya, kusefera ndi kutsekereza: zipinda zamakono zopangira opaleshoni ziyenera kukhazikitsa mpweya wabwino, kusefera ndi kutsekereza mpweya kuti ziyeretse mpweya.Njira zolowera mpweya zimaphatikizapo kutuluka kwa chipwirikiti, kutuluka kwa laminar ndi mtundu wowongoka, womwe ungasankhidwe moyenera.Kulowera m'zipinda zogwirira ntchito ndi njira yotulukira: Mapangidwe a kamangidwe ka njira zolowera ndi zotuluka ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za machitidwe ogwira ntchito ndi magawo aukhondo.Njira zitatu zolowera ndi zotuluka ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa, imodzi yolowera ndikutuluka, yachiwiri kwa odwala ovulala, ndipo yachitatu yozungulira njira zoperekera zinthu monga zovala za zida., yesetsani kudzipatula ndi kupewa kutenga matenda osiyanasiyana.
Kuwongolera kutentha kwa chipinda chochitira opaleshoni ndikofunikira kwambiri, ndipo payenera kukhala zida zozizirira ndi zotenthetsera.Chotsitsimutsa chiyenera kuikidwa padenga lapamwamba, kutentha kwa chipinda kuyenera kukhala 24-26 ℃, ndipo chinyezi chiyenera kukhala pafupifupi 50%.Chipinda cha opareshoni ndi 35-45 masikweya mita, ndipo chipinda chapadera ndi pafupifupi 60 masikweya metres, choyenera kuchitidwa opaleshoni yamtima wamapapo, kuyika ziwalo, etc.;Chipinda chogwirira ntchito chaching'ono ndi 20-30 lalikulu mita.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-08-2022